LLB Semester I Syllabus

Subjects

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Osmania University — LLB (3-Year Degree Course) w.e.f. Academic Year 2024–25

College: Padala Rama Reddi Law College Batch: 2024–2027

Faculty Details

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Paper-I: Law of Contract – I

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Faculty: Dr. Radha Kumari

Unit-I: Offer, Acceptance and Consideration

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• Definition and essentials of a valid Contract
• Definition and essentials of a valid Offer
• Definition and essentials of valid Acceptance
• Communication of Offer and Acceptance — Revocation of Offer and Acceptance through various modes including electronic medium
• Consideration — Salient features
• Exception to consideration
• Doctrine of Privity of Contract — Exceptions to the privity of contract
• Standard form of Contract

Unit-II: Capacity, Consent and Void Agreements

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• Capacity of the parties — Effect of Minor’s Agreement
• Contracts with insane persons and persons disqualified by law
• Concepts of Free Consent — Coercion — Undue influence — Misrepresentation — Fraud — Mistake
• Lawful Object — Immoral agreements and various heads of public policy — Illegal agreements
• Uncertain agreements — Wagering agreements — Contingent contracts
• Void and Voidable contracts

Unit-III: Discharge of Contracts

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• Discharge of Contracts — By performance
• Appropriation of payments — Performance by joint promisors
• Discharge by Novation — Remission — Accord and Satisfaction
• Discharge by impossibility of performance (Doctrine of Frustration)
• Discharge by Breach — Anticipatory Breach — Actual breach

Unit-IV: Quasi Contract and Remedies

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• Quasi Contract — Necessaries supplied to a person who is incapable of entering into a contract
• Payment by an interested person — Liability to pay for non-gratuitous acts
• Rights of finder of lost goods — Things delivered by mistake or coercion
• Quantum merit
• Remedies for breach of contract — Kinds of damages — Liquidated and unliquidated damages and penalty
• Duty to mitigate

Unit-V: Specific Relief Act and LLP

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• Specific Relief Act including 2018 Amendment
• Recovering possession of property
• Specific performance of the contract — As a rule enforced by court
• Cancellation of instruments — Declaratory Decrees
• Preventive Relief — Injunctions — Generally — Temporary and Perpetual injunctions
• Mandatory & Prohibitory injunctions — Injunctions to perform negative agreement
• Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
• Special provision for contracts relating to infrastructure projects
• Arbitration clause — Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

Suggested Readings

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1. Anson, Law of Contract, Clarendon Press, Oxford
2. Krishnan Nair, Law of Contract, S. Gogia & Co., Hyderabad
3. G.C.V. Subba Rao, Law of Contract, S. Gogia & Co., Hyderabad
4. T.S. Venkatesha Iyer, Law of Contract, revised by Dr. V. Krishnama Chary, S. Gogia & Co.
5. Avatar Singh, Law of Contract, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow

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Paper-II: Family Law – I (Hindu Law)

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Faculty: Dr. Sriveni

Unit-I: Sources, Joint Family and Property

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• Sources of Hindu Law — Scope and application of Hindu Law
• Schools of Hindu Law — Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Schools
• Concept of Joint Family, Coparcenary, Joint Family Property and Coparcenary Property
• Institution of Karta — Powers and Functions of Karta
• Pious Obligation — Partition — Debts and alienation of property

Unit-II: Marriage

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• Marriage — Definition — Importance of institution of marriage under Hindu Law
• Conditions of Hindu Marriage — Ceremonies and Registration
• Monogamy — Polygamy
• Recent trends in the institution of marriage

Unit-III: Matrimonial Remedies

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• Matrimonial Remedies under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
• Restitution of Conjugal Rights — Nullity of marriage — Judicial separation
• Divorce — Maintenance pendente lite
• Importance of conciliation — Role of Family Courts in resolution of matrimonial disputes

Unit-IV: Adoption, Maintenance and Guardianship

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• Concept of Adoption — Historical perspectives of adoption in India
• In-country and inter-country adoptions
• Law of Maintenance — Law of Guardianship
• The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
• The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956

Unit-V: Succession

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• Succession — Intestate succession
• Succession to property of Hindu Male and Female — Dwelling House
• Hindu Succession Act, 1956 as amended by:
  • Hindu Succession (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Act, 1986
  • Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005
• Notional Partition — Classes of heirs
• Enlargement of limited estate of women into their absolute estate

Suggested Readings

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1. Paras Diwan, Modern Hindu Law, Allahabad Agency, Delhi
2. Paras Diwan, Family Law, Allahabad Agency, Delhi
3. Mayne, Hindu Law — Customs and Usages, Bharat Law House, New Delhi
4. Sharaf, Law of Marriage and Divorce
5. G.C.V. Subba Rao, Family Law in India, S. Gogia & Company, Hyderabad
6. Mayne’s Treatise on Hindu Law & Usage, Bharat Law House
7. Y.F. Jaya Kumar, Horizons of Family Law in India — Select Essays (2017), Spandana Publications, Secunderabad

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Paper-III: Constitutional Law – I

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Faculty: Mr. Gangadhar Rao

Unit-I: Evolution of the Indian Constitution

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• Constitution — Meaning and Significance
• Evolution of Modern Constitutions — Classification of Constitutions
• Indian Constitution — Historical Perspectives
• Government of India Act, 1919 — Government of India Act, 1935
• Constitution — Role of Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly

Unit-II: Nature, Features and Fundamental Rights (Introduction)

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• Nature and Salient Features of Indian Constitution
• Preamble to Indian Constitution
• Union and its Territories — Citizenship
• General Principles relating to Fundamental Rights (Art. 13) — Definition of State

Unit-III: Fundamental Rights (Equality, Freedom and Personal Liberty)

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• Right to Equality (Art. 14–18)
• Freedoms and Restrictions under Art. 19
• Protection against Ex-post facto law
• Guarantee against Double Jeopardy — Privilege against Self-incrimination
• Right to Life and Personal Liberty — Right to Education
• Protection against Arrest and Preventive Detention

Unit-IV: Fundamental Rights (Exploitation, Religion, Culture and Remedies)

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• Rights against Exploitation
• Right to Freedom of Religion
• Cultural and Educational Rights
• Right to Constitutional Remedies
• Limitations on Fundamental Rights (Art. 31-A, 31-B, 31-C, 335, 358 & 359)

Unit-V: Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties

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• Directive Principles of State Policy — Significance — Nature — Classification
• Application and Judicial Interpretation
• Relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
• Fundamental Duties: Significance, Enforceability and Judicial Interpretation

Suggested Readings

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1. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Wadhwa & Co, Nagpur
2. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow
3. Granville Austin, Indian Constitution — Cornerstone of a Nation, OUP, New Delhi
4. H.M. Seervai, Constitutional Law of India (in 3 Volumes), N.M. Tripathi, Bombay
5. G.C.V. Subba Rao, Indian Constitutional Law, S. Gogia & Co., Hyderabad
6. B. Shiva Rao, Framing of India’s Constitution (in 5 Volumes), Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi
7. J.N. Pandey, Constitutional Law of India, Central Law Agency, Allahabad

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Paper-IV: Law of Torts including Motor Vehicle Accidents and Consumer Protection Laws

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Faculty: Dr. Pavani

Unit-I: Nature and General Principles

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• Nature of Law of Torts — Definition of Tort — Elements of Tort
• Development of Law of Torts in England and India
• Wrongful Act and Legal Damage — Damnum Sine Injuria and Injuria Sine Damno
• Tort distinguished from Crime and Breach of Contract
• General Principles of Liability in Torts — Fault — Wrongful intent — Malice — Negligence
• Liability without fault — Statutory liability — Parties to proceedings

Unit-II: Defences, Vicarious Liability and Strict Liability

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• General Defences to an action in Torts
• Vicarious Liability — Liability of the State for Torts — Defence of Sovereign Immunity
• Joint Liability — Liability of Joint Tortfeasors
• Rule of Strict Liability (Rylands v Fletcher) — Rule of Absolute Liability (MC Mehta vs. Union of India)
• Occupier’s liability
• Extinction of liability — Waiver and Acquiescence — Release — Accord and Satisfaction — Death

Unit-III: Specific Torts

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• Torts affecting the person — Assault — Battery — False Imprisonment — Malicious Prosecution — Nervous Shock
• Torts affecting immovable property — Trespass to land
• Nuisance — Public Nuisance and Private Nuisance
• Torts relating to movable property
• Liability arising out of accidents (Relevant provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act)

Unit-IV: Defamation, Negligence, Remedies and Damages

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• Defamation — Negligence
• Torts against Business Relations — Injurious falsehood — Negligent Misstatement — Passing off — Conspiracy
• Torts affecting family relations
• Remedies — Judicial and Extra-judicial Remedies
• Damages — Kinds of Damages — Assessment of Damages — Remoteness of damage
• Injunctions
• Death in relation to tort — Actio personalis moritur cum persona

Unit-V: Consumer Protection Laws

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• Consumer Laws: Common Law and the Consumer
• Duty to take care and liability for negligence — Consumerism
• Salient features of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019
• Definition of Consumer — Rights of Consumers
• Defects in goods and deficiency in services
• Restrictive and Unfair Trade Practices
• Redressal Machinery under the Consumer Protection Act
• Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
• Liability of Service Providers, Manufacturers and Traders under the Act
• Remedies — Powers — Procedure for filing a consumer dispute — E-filing
• Continuous cause of action — Civil & Criminal liability
• ADR & Consumer — Penalties for misleading advertisement

Suggested Readings

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1. Winfield & Jolowicz, Law of Tort, Sweet and Maxwell, London
2. Salmond and Heuston, Law of Torts, Universal Book Traders, New Delhi
3. Ramaswamy Iyer, The Law of Torts, LexisNexis Butterworths, New Delhi
4. PSA Pillai’s, Law of Tort, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow
5. Durga Das Basu, The Law of Torts, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
6. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, LexisNexis
7. R.K. Bangia, Law of Torts, Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad
8. Vivienne Harpwood, Law of Torts, Cavendish Publishing Ltd., London
9. Hepple & Mathews, Tort — Cases and Materials, Butterworth, London
10. D.N. Saraf, Law of Consumer Protection in India, Tripati, Bombay

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Paper-V: Environmental Law

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Faculty: Dr. Vijaya Kalyani

Unit-I: Introduction to Environment and Pollution

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• The meaning and definition of environment — Ecology — Ecosystems — Biosphere
• Biomes — Ozone depletion — Global Warming — Climatic changes
• Need for the preservation, conservation and protection of environment
• Ancient Indian approach to environment
• Environmental degradation and pollution — Kinds, causes and effects of pollution

Unit-II: Common Law Remedies and Pollution Control

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• Common Law remedies against pollution — Trespass, negligence, and theories of Strict Liability & Absolute Liability
• Relevant provisions of IPC and CrPC and CPC for the abatement of public nuisance in pollution cases
• Remedies under Specific Relief Act
• Reliefs against smoke and noise — Noise Pollution

Unit-III: Environmental Legislation

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• The law relating to the preservation, conservation and protection of forests, wild life and endangered species, marine life, coastal ecosystems and lakes etc.
• Prevention of cruelty towards animals
• The law relating to prevention and control of water pollution
• Air Pollution — Law relating to environment protection
• Environmental pollution control mechanism — National Environment Tribunal
• National Green Tribunal — Their powers and jurisdiction
• National Environmental Appellate Authority

Unit-IV: Constitutional Provisions and Environmental Jurisprudence

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• Art. 48A and Art. 51A(g) of the Constitution of India
• Right to wholesome environment — Right to development
• Restriction on freedom of trade, profession, occupation for the protection of environment
• Immunity of Environment legislation from judicial scrutiny (Art. 31C)
• Legislative powers of the Centre and State Government — Writ jurisdiction
• Role of Indian Judiciary in the evolution of environmental jurisprudence

Unit-V: International Environmental Regime

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• International Environmental Regime — Transnational Pollution — State Liability
• Customary International Law — Liability of Multinational corporations/Companies
• Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment, 1972
• The role of UNEP for the protection of environment
• Ramsar Convention, 1971
• Bonn Convention (Migratory Birds), 1992
• Nairobi Convention, 1982 (CFCC)
• Biodiversity Convention (Earth Summit), 1992
• Kyoto Protocol, 1997
• Johannesburg Convention, 2002

Suggested Readings

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1. Armin Rosencranz and Shyam Divan, Environmental Law and Policy in India
2. Manoj Kumar Sinha (Ed.), Environmental Law and Enforcement: The Contemporary Challenges, Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, 2016
3. A. Agarwal (Ed.), Legal Control of Environmental Pollution
4. Chetan Singh Mehta, Environmental Protection and Law
5. V.K. Krishna Iyer, Environment Pollution and Law
6. Paras Diwan, Environmental Law and Policy in India, 1991
7. Dr. N. Maheshwara Swamy, Environmental Law, Asia Law House, Hyderabad
8. P. Leela Krishnan, Environmental Law in India, LexisNexis

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📌 See Internship Requirements — Mandatory internship after Semester II; grades reflected in Semester III marks memo.

Document prepared for Padala Rama Reddi Law College — LLB 2024–2027 Batch

Created on: 18 February 2026