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Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marbury v. Madison is a landmark case in United States constitutional law, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) under Chief Justice John Marshall. This case established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional if they violate the Constitution. Background Facts: In the final days of President John Adams’s administration (1797–1801), several judicial appointments (known as “midnight judges”) were made under the Judiciary Act of 1801.